sun
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For five months in mid-2017, Emily Mason did the same thing every day. Arriving to her office at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, she sat at her desk, opened up her computer, and stared at images of the Sun — all day, every day.
“I probably looked through three or five years’ worth of data,” Mason estimated. Then, in October 2017, she stopped. She realized she had been looking at the wrong thing all along.
Mason, a graduate student at The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., was searching for coronal rain: giant globs of plasma, or electrified gas, that drip from the Sun’s outer atmosphere back to its surface. But she expected to find it in helmet streamers, the million-mile tall magnetic loops — named for their resemblance to a knight’s pointy helmet — that can be seen protruding from the Sun during a solar eclipse. Computer simulations predicted the coronal rain could be found there. Observations of the solar wind, the gas escaping from the Sun and out into space, hinted that the rain might be happening. And if she could just find it, the underlying rain-making physics would have major implications for the 70-year-old mystery of why the Sun’s outer atmosphere, known as the corona, is so much hotter than its surface. But after nearly half a year of searching, Mason just couldn’t find it. “It was a lot of looking,” Mason said, “for something that never ultimately happened.”
The problem, it turned out, wasn’t what she was looking for, but where. In a paper published today in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, Mason and her coauthors describe the first observations of coronal rain in a smaller, previously overlooked kind of magnetic loop on the Sun. After a long, winding search in the wrong direction, the findings forge a new link between the anomalous heating of the corona and the source of the slow solar wind — two of the biggest mysteries facing solar science today.
Paul Joseph Watson asks why scaremongers should continue to be believed.
How It Rains on the Sun
Observed through the high-resolution telescopes mounted on NASA’s SDO spacecraft, the Sun – a hot ball of plasma, teeming with magnetic field lines traced by giant, fiery loops — seems to have few physical similarities with Earth. But our home planet provides a few useful guides in parsing the Sun’s chaotic tumult: among them, rain.
On Earth, rain is just one part of the larger water cycle, an endless tug-of-war between the push of heat and pull of gravity. It begins when liquid water, pooled on the planet’s surface in oceans, lakes, or streams, is heated by the Sun. Some of it evaporates and rises into the atmosphere, where it cools and condenses into clouds. Eventually, those clouds become heavy enough that gravity’s pull becomes irresistible and the water falls back to Earth as rain, before the process starts anew.
On the Sun, Mason said, coronal rain works similarly, “but instead of 60-degree water you’re dealing with a million-degree plasma.” Plasma, an electrically-charged gas, doesn’t pool like water, but instead traces the magnetic loops that emerge from the Sun’s surface like a rollercoaster on tracks. At the loop’s foot points, where it attaches to the Sun’s surface, the plasma is superheated from a few thousand to over 1.8 million degrees Fahrenheit. It then expands up the loop and gathers at its peak, far from the heat source. As the plasma cools, it condenses and gravity lures it down the loop’s legs as coronal rain.
Mason was looking for coronal rain in helmet streamers, but her motivation for looking there had more to do with this underlying heating and cooling cycle than the rain itself. Since at least the mid-1990s, scientists have known that helmet streamers are one source of the slow solar wind, a comparatively slow, dense stream of gas that escapes the Sun separately from its fast-moving counterpart. But measurements of the slow solar wind gas revealed that it had once been heated to an extreme degree before cooling and escaping the Sun. The cyclical process of heating and cooling behind coronal rain, if it was happening inside the helmet streamers, would be one piece of the puzzle.
The other reason connects to the coronal heating problem — the mystery of how and why the Sun’s outer atmosphere is some 300 times hotter than its surface. Strikingly, simulations have shown that coronal rain only forms when heat is applied to the very bottom of the loop. “If a loop has coronal rain on it, that means that the bottom 10% of it, or less, is where coronal heating is happening,” said Mason. Raining loops provide a measuring rod, a cutoff point to determine where the corona gets heated. Starting their search in the largest loops they could find — giant helmet streamers — seemed like a modest goal, and one that would maximize their chances of success.
She had the best data for the job: Images taken by NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory, or SDO, a spacecraft that has photographed the Sun every twelve seconds since its launch in 2010. But nearly half a year into the search, Mason still hadn’t observed a single drop of rain in a helmet streamer. She had, however, noticed a slew of tiny magnetic structures, ones she wasn’t familiar with. “They were really bright and they kept drawing my eye,” said Mason. “When I finally took a look at them, sure enough they had tens of hours of rain at a time.”
At first, Mason was so focused on her helmet streamer quest that she made nothing of the observations. “She came to group meeting and said, ‘I never found it — I see it all the time in these other structures, but they’re not helmet streamers,’” said Nicholeen Viall, a solar scientist at Goddard, and a coauthor of the paper. “And I said, ‘Wait…hold on. Where do you see it? I don’t think anybody’s ever seen that before!’”
A Measuring Rod for Heating
These structures differed from helmet streamers in several ways. But the most striking thing about them was their size.
“These loops were much smaller than what we were looking for,” said Spiro Antiochos, who is also a solar physicist at Goddard and a coauthor of the paper. “So that tells you that the heating of the corona is much more localized than we were thinking.”
While the findings don’t say exactly how the corona is heated, “they do push down the floor of where coronal heating could happen,” said Mason. She had found raining loops that were some 30,000 miles high, a mere two percent the height of some of the helmet streamers she was originally looking for. And the rain condenses the region where the key coronal heating can be happening. “We still don’t know exactly what’s heating the corona, but we know it has to happen in this layer,” said Mason.

A New Source for the Slow Solar Wind
But one part of the observations didn’t jibe with previous theories. According to the current understanding, coronal rain only forms on closed loops, where the plasma can gather and cool without any means of escape. But as Mason sifted through the data, she found cases where rain was forming on open magnetic field lines. Anchored to the Sun at only one end, the other end of these open field lines fed out into space, and plasma there could escape into the solar wind. To explain the anomaly, Mason and the team developed an alternative explanation — one that connected rain on these tiny magnetic structures to the origins of the slow solar wind.
In the new explanation, the raining plasma begins its journey on a closed loop, but switches — through a process known as magnetic reconnection — to an open one. The phenomenon happens frequently on the Sun, when a closed loop bumps into an open field line and the system rewires itself. Suddenly, the superheated plasma on the closed loop finds itself on an open field line, like a train that has switched tracks. Some of that plasma will rapidly expand, cool down, and fall back to the Sun as coronal rain. But other parts of it will escape – forming, they suspect, one part of the slow solar wind.
Mason is currently working on a computer simulation of the new explanation, but she also hopes that soon-to-come observational evidence may confirm it. Now that Parker Solar Probe, launched in 2018, is traveling closer to the Sun than any spacecraft before it, it can fly through bursts of slow solar wind that can be traced back to the Sun — potentially, to one of Mason’s coronal rain events. After observing coronal rain on an open field line, the outgoing plasma, escaping to the solar wind, would normally be lost to posterity. But no longer. “Potentially we can make that connection with Parker Solar Probe and say, that was it,” said Viall.
Digging Through the Data
As for finding coronal rain in helmet streamers? The search continues. The simulations are clear: the rain should be there. “Maybe it’s so small you can’t see it?” said Antiochos. “We really don’t know.”
But then again, if Mason had found what she was looking for she might not have made the discovery — or have spent all that time learning the ins and outs of solar data.
“It sounds like a slog, but honestly it’s my favorite thing,” said Mason. “I mean that’s why we built something that takes that many images of the Sun: So we can look at them and figure it out.”
Yet another convicted child predator has been exposed after participating in “Drag Queen Story Hour.”
Source: InfoWars

FILE PHOTO: Mar 3, 2019; Tempe, AZ, USA; Arizona Hotshots running back Jhurell Pressley (26) runs the ball against the Atlanta Legends during an AAF football game at Sun Devil Stadium. Mandatory Credit: Mark J. Rebilas-USA TODAY Sports – 12280141
April 5, 2019
Former Arizona Hotshots running back Jhurell Pressley is facing a two-game suspension by the NFL for “a pending issue,” according to a report by the NFL Network’s Ian Rapoport.
Rapoport added that Pressley is scheduled for workouts next week with two unnamed teams.
In eight weeks of action in the AAF, Pressley led the league in rushing, with 96 carries for 431 yards and one touchdown.
He entered the NFL in 2016 as an undrafted free agent out of New Mexico and signed with the Minnesota Vikings. He had stints with the Green Bay Packers, Atlanta Falcons, Jacksonville Jaguars and New York Giants before joining the AAF.
–Field Level Media
Source: OANN

Apr 4, 2019; New York, NY, USA;[Lipscomb Bisons forward Rob Marberry (0) shoots in the first half against the Texas Longhorns in the NIT Championship at Madison Square Garden. Mandatory Credit: Wendell Cruz-USA TODAY Sports
April 5, 2019
Dylan Osetkowski scored 15 of his game-high 19 points in the first half Thursday night as second-seeded Texas established a 14-point halftime lead and defeated fifth-seeded Lipscomb 81-66 to win the NIT championship at Madison Square Garden in New York City.
Osetkowski added a game-high 11 rebounds for the Longhorns (21-16). Texas canned 13 of 37 from beyond the 3-point arc, including 8 of 20 in the second half to keep the Bisons at bay.
The Longhorns won their second NIT title, having also captured the championship in 1978.
Jase Febres tallied 17 points, sinking four 3-pointers, for the Longhorns. Kerwin Roach came off the bench to contribute 16 points and nine assists, capping his night with a steal and 360-degree dunk in the final three minutes. Matt Coleman chipped in 11 points while doling out seven assists.
Rob Marberry paced Lipscomb (29-8) with 17 points, and Garrison Mathews scored 15. But Texas put the clamps on Mathews, who tallied a combined 77 points in the Bisons’ come-from-behind NIT wins over NC State and Wichita State. Mathews made only 2 of 10 shots Thursday, going 0 of 4 in the first half.
Trying to become the first Atlantic Sun Conference school to win the NIT, Lipscomb held the Longhorns scoreless for the first 5:05. But the Bisons only managed four points in that time, and the inability to take advantage of Texas’ early drought would haunt Lipscomb.
Marberry’s jump hook with 6:42 left in the half gave Lipscomb a 22-19 lead, but the Longhorns took control with 14 straight points in a 2:52 span. Osetkowski’s two free throws at the 3:11 mark made it 33-22, and Febres stroked a 3-pointer with seven seconds remaining for a 41-27 Texas advantage at intermission.
Lipscomb scored the second half’s first seven points and was still within 46-39 after a Matt Rose 3-pointer with 12:23 remaining. However, Texas gradually pulled away after that, using the 3-pointer as its main weapon.
The Bisons canned only 39.3 percent of their shots from the field and committed 14 turnovers, 12 in the first half.
–Field Level Media
Source: OANN

FILE PHOTO: Pumpjacks are seen against the setting sun at the Daqing oil field in Heilongjiang province, China December 7, 2018. REUTERS/Stringer
April 5, 2019
TOKYO (Reuters) – Oil prices fell on Friday, with Brent slipping away from the $70 mark after briefly rising above that level in the previous session, as traders fretted about progress in U.S.-China talks to end a trade war.
International benchmark Brent futures dropped 23 cents, or 0.3 percent, to $69.17 a barrel by 0040. On Thursday, they closed 9 cents higher after touching a session high of $70.03, the highest since Nov. 12.
U.S. West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude was down 2 cents at $62.08. The contract fell 36 cents in the previous session, having hit $62.99 on Wednesday, its highest since November.
U.S. President Donald Trump said on Thursday a trade deal with China was getting very close and could be reached in about four weeks, but he said sticking points included tariffs and intellectual property theft.
“A summit in April is looking unlikely despite the comments from both sides on how well the negotiations are going,” Alfonso Esparza, senior market analyst at OANDA, said in a note.
“After much talk there is still nothing to show for it, which is once again putting downward pressure on energy demand going forward,” Esparza said.
Brent has gained nearly 30 percent this year, while WTI has risen nearly 40 percent, underpinned by U.S. sanctions on Iranian and Venezuelan crude, OPEC production cuts and rising global demand.
But bearish economic indicators this week, including lower German factory orders, may be putting a cap on those gains.
German industrial orders fell in February by the sharpest rate in more than two years, according to data released Thursday.
Orders were hit by a slump in foreign demand, compounding worries that Europe’s largest economy had a weak start to the year.
(Reporting by Aaron Sheldrick; editing by Richard Pullin)
Source: OANN

Apr 4, 2019; Augusta, GA, USA; A general view of the sun rising near the 18th green during the second round of the Augusta National Women’s Amateur at the Champions Retreat. Mandatory Credit: Chris Trotman/Augusta National/Handout Photo via USA TODAY Sports
April 4, 2019
(Reuters) – Jennifer Kupcho’s bogey-free run finally came to an end but the American hung on for a one-stroke lead after the second round of the inaugural Augusta National Women’s Amateur on Thursday.
Kupcho, the world’s top-ranked amateur, shot a one-under par 71 at Champions Retreat Golf Club in Evans, Georgia, leaving her at five under on the week going into the final round on Saturday at Augusta National Golf Club ahead of next week’s Masters.
The 21-year-old American, fresh off what she called her first “perfect” round, started on the back nine and was cruising along at three-under for the day until her 14th hole, the par-four fifth, where she made her first bogey of the week.
Kupcho then made bogey at her penultimate hole before a par at the last left the overnight co-leader one shot clear of Mexico’s Maria Fassi (70), whose roller-coaster round included five bogeys, five birdies and an eagle.
Thailand’s Pimnipa Panthong (70) and Americans Sierra Brooks (70) and Kaitlyn Papp (69) were a further shot off the pace.
American Zoe Campos, who at 16 is one of the youngest players in the field, started the day in a share of the lead but mixed six bogeys with three birdies for a three-over 75 that left her four shots behind Kupcho.
Only the top-30 players after two rounds advanced to the final round, when they will become the first women to compete at the home of the Masters, but all 72 players in the field can play a practice round at Augusta National on Friday.
(Reporting by Frank Pingue in Toronto; Editing by Ken Ferris)
Source: OANN

Canada’s Prime Minister Justin Trudeau arrives for a Liberal Party caucus meeting on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, April 2, 2019. REUTERS/Chris Wattie
April 3, 2019
By Steve Scherer and Julie Gordon
OTTAWA (Reuters) – Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau’s Liberal Party rallied behind him on Wednesday over his expulsion of two former Cabinet ministers who had questioned his leadership, but he is still in a battle to regain dwindling support before a general election in October.
Trudeau told an emergency meeting of legislators on Tuesday that former Justice Minister Jody Wilson-Raybould and former Treasury Board chief Jane Philpott had undermined the party and betrayed its trust.
The almost two-month old scandal centered on Wilson-Raybould, who in February said officials had inappropriately pressured her while she was justice minister to ensure construction company SNC-Lavalin Group Inc would escape a corruption trial.
In recent weeks, senior party figures and lawmakers had grown frustrated with Trudeau’s handling of the crisis, especially since both former ministers remained in the caucus despite their open hostility.
A long list of ministers and Liberal parliamentarians echoed Trudeau’s emphasis on party unity on Wednesday, but the opposition reiterated that the expulsions were proof of a cover up.
It is too soon to say whether Trudeau’s problems are over, political analysts said.
“This scandal has blotted out the sun. Now the question is, did he kill it?” said Ipsos pollster Darrell Bricker. Last week Ipsos put the Conservative Party 10 points ahead of the Liberals, thanks to the SNC-Lavalin affair.
“This issue has taken Trudeau into a territory where he could really lose,” Bricker said, adding that while the prime minister had now shored up his standing as party leader, he still must win back public opinion.
But another pollster, Frank Graves at Ekos, said there were signs the damage had been limited and that there was fatigue over the issue among the general public. Ekos polls showed the Liberals had lost 3-4 percentage points during the scandal.
“But the numbers we are seeing now are same as they were before,” Graves said.
Wilson-Raybould and Philpott, who quit as minister because she disagreed with how the SNC Lavalin affair was being managed, stood side-by-side while speaking to reporters on Wednesday.
They said they had defended the independence of the judiciary and had no regrets, but they stopped short of attacking Trudeau head on or threatening legal recourse.
The affair has hurt the prime minister’s image as a self-avowed feminist and a leader who has taken to heart the cause of Canada’s indigenous population.
He recruited candidates such as Wilson-Raybould, who was named as the first indigenous justice minister, and Philpott in part because they were new to politics.
During a special event in parliament aimed at encouraging more women to get involved in politics, some of the attendees turned their backs on Trudeau as he spoke, prompting several of his Cabinet ministers to come to his defense.
“We have a strong prime minister that is a feminist,” Tourism Minister Melanie Joly told reporters.
“I would argue that loyalty and feminism are two different things. There’s no male or female definition of loyalty. Either you want to work in a team, or you don’t.”
(Reporting by Steve Scherer and Julie Gordon; editing by David Ljunggren and Grant McCool)
Source: OANN

Chen Anning, Chief Executive Officer of Ford China, talks to reporters at an event in Shanghai, China April 3, 2019. REUTERS/Yilei Sun
April 3, 2019
By Yilei Sun and Norihiko Shirouzu
SHANGHAI/BEIJING (Reuters) – Ford Motor plans to launch more than 30 new models in China over the next three years of which over a third will be electric vehicles, the U.S. automaker said on Wednesday, as it seeks to reverse slumping sales in the world’s top auto market.
Ford had said previously it would launch 50 new or significantly redesigned vehicles in China starting in 2018 and through 2025, and Wednesday’s announcement provides more clarity on the timeline.
Its China operations chief Anning Chen said the automaker is committing itself to improving its relationships with Chinese joint-venture partners and localizing its management teams by hiring and promoting more Chinese nationals and global talent with Chinese expertise, among other initiatives.
The new plans are intended to “enable us to gain the momentum to break through” in the marketplace, Chen told a small group of reporters.
Ford has been struggling to revive sales in China, the second biggest market globally for the Dearborn, Michigan automaker, after its business began slumping in late 2017. Sales slumped 37 percent in 2018, after a 6 percent decline in 2017.
Ford has said its sales crisis stemmed mainly from a lack of new products. Industry experts also ascribe the company’s China trouble to the Sino-U.S. trade war and its rocky relationship with domestic partners Changan Automobile Group and Jiangling Motors Group.
(Reporting by Yilei Sun in Shanghai and Norihiko Shirouzu in Beijing; Editing by Muralikumar Anantharaman)
Source: OANN

FILE PHOTO: The sun sets behind an oil pump outside Saint-Fiacre, near Paris, France March 28, 2019. REUTERS/Christian Hartmann/File Photo
April 3, 2019
TOKYO (Reuters) – Oil prices rose for a fourth day on Wednesday, holding firm despite an industry report showing that U.S. inventories rose unexpectedly last week, with supply cuts and sanctions supporting the market.
Brent futures rose 22 cents, or 0.3 percent, to $69.59 a barrel by 0028 GMT, after earlier reaching $69.68, the highest since Nov. 13. The global benchmark closed half a percent higher on Tuesday.
U.S. West Texas Intermediate crude rose 6 cents, or 0.1 percent, to $62.64 cents a barrel. On Tuesday, the contract rose 1.61 percent, to settle at $62.58 a barrel, after touching $62.75, its highest level since Nov. 7.
“With output falling for a fourth month thanks to continued OPEC production cuts and sanctions on Iran and Venezuela, oil prices are well supported,” Fiona Cincotta, senior market analyst at Cityindex said in a note.
“On the demand side, easing economic slowdown fears are also offering support,” she said.
Supply from the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting countries hit a four-year low in March, a Reuters survey found earlier this week. [OPEC/O]
Three of eight countries granted waivers by Washington to import oil from Iran have cut the imports to zero, a U.S. official said on Tuesday, adding that improved global oil market conditions would help reduce Iranian crude exports further.
“In November, we granted eight oil waivers to avoid a spike in the price of oil. I can confirm today three of those importers are now at zero,” Brian Hook, the special U.S. envoy for Iran, told reporters, without identifying the countries.
Vice President Mike Pence said on Tuesday the United States would continue to pressure Venezuela’s oil industry and those who support it with economic sanctions, citing world oil prices as low enough to allow for the measures.
Venezuela’s state-run energy company, PDVSA, kept oil exports near 1 million barrels per day in March despite U.S. sanctions and power outages that crippled its main export terminal, according to PDVSA documents and Refinitiv Eikon data, Reuters reported later in the day.
U.S. crude stocks rose unexpectedly last week, while gasoline and distillate inventories drew, industry group the American Petroleum Institute said late on Tuesday.
(Reporting by Aaron Sheldrick; editing by Richard Pullin)
Source: OANN


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